Research · 研究 · University of Waterloo

Aptamer Chemistry & Molecular Tools

Xiaohan Zhang · Postdoctoral Researcher · Juewen Liu Lab, University of Waterloo

Molecular recognition at the interface of aptamer discovery, sequence–structure computation and functional materials: one line from SELEX at the bench, through the software that interprets the selection, to sensors and delivery vehicles.

/ Selected work — three results

What the work has shown.

Fig. 4 of the paper: ThT fluorescence of the TOB-2 aptamer falls as tobramycin is titrated in, giving a binding curve with a 0.03 µM detection limit and no response to kanamycin or seven other antibiotics Fig. 4 of the paper
Biosens. Bioelectron. · 2026First author

High-affinity, selective DNA aptamers for the detection of tobramycin in eye drops

Problem
Monitoring an aminoglycoside antibiotic in an ophthalmic formulation needs a selective probe that works without labels or antibodies.
My part
Led the capture-SELEX campaign, resolved binding by ITC, NMR and CD spectroscopy, and built the label-free ThT light-up assay.
Figs. 1 and 2 of the paper: a 5 mm biopsy punch of cornea used as the SELEX target, and gold nanoparticles carrying the cornea aptamer at 1:1 and 1:3 aptamer-to-spacer ratios Figs. 1 & 2 of the paper
Nanoscale · 2026First author

Cornea-SELEX-derived DNA aptamers for preparing spherical nucleic acids and cornea staining

Problem
Targeting the cornea for imaging and drug delivery calls for a ligand selected against the tissue itself, not against one purified protein.
My part
Ran tissue-SELEX on cornea, conjugated the aptamers to gold nanoparticles, and benchmarked six conjugates for corneal binding, HCEC targeting (Kd 169 nM) and scar staining.
Fig. 6 of the paper: DCFH-DA fluorescence in HeLa cells; only Ag/10%AgCl nanoparticles under light illumination fill the cells with reactive oxygen species Fig. 6 of the paper
Chem. Eng. J. · 2022First author · 45 citations

Photocatalytic anticancer performance of naked Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

Problem
Photodynamic therapy leans on organic photosensitisers that bleach and need a carrier; a plasmonic inorganic photocatalyst can drive the light-triggered chemistry on its own.
My part
Designed and synthesised the carrier-free Ag/AgCl nanoparticles and established their light-triggered anticancer activity; the same route later gave Ag/AgBr and Au@Ag@AgI systems.

Also co-first author of Biomedical applications of nanozymes: an enzymology perspective (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025; 105 citations). The full record lists all 30 papers with Google Scholar counts, filterable by author role, topic and year.

/ Focus — research directions

What the work is about.

01

Aptamer selection (SELEX)

Capture-SELEX and tissue-SELEX for DNA aptamers against small molecules and tissue targets: tobramycin, carbendazim, acetamiprid, cellulose, BPA and cornea so far.

02

Label-free biosensors

ThT-based and FRET light-up fluorescent sensors for therapeutic drug monitoring, food safety and environmental analysis.

03

Sequence–structure computation

Clustering SELEX pools, folding under the ionic conditions of the assay, and grouping aptamers by loop structure — the four tools below came out of this thread.

04

Spherical nucleic acids

Aptamer–AuNP conjugates for targeted cell recognition, tissue staining and ocular drug delivery.

05

Functional nanomaterials

Gold and silver nanoparticles, plasmonic photocatalysts, nanozymes and carrier-free drug-delivery platforms.

06

Molecular characterization

Binding affinity, structure and kinetics by ITC, NMR, CD and fluorescence spectroscopy.

/ Tools — open utilities

What the work has built.

Sequencing reads go in at step 1; families, folds and loop-structure groups come out at step 3. The Kd tool is separate — it fits titration data from the bench, whatever produced the aptamer. The same four tools run as one connected pipeline at aptapilot.com.

AptaFold output: 2D drawing of a DNA aptamer folded with a three-tetrad G-quadruplex on a duplex stem G-quadruplex fold · real output
02 Desktop · Windows

AptaFold

Predicts how a DNA aptamer folds in your binding buffer rather than in 1 M NaCl, and draws any G-quadruplex it finds.

Input
Sequence plus Na⁺ / Mg²⁺ / K⁺ / Ca²⁺ and temperature
Output
Minimum-free-energy and suboptimal structures, G-quadruplex topology, 2D / 3D drawings

Scope: DNA aptamers under typical assay ionic conditions. It differs from m-fold / UNAFold by adding explicit divalent-ion and G-quadruplex terms and exposing every parameter in the GUI — how it differs. Output is best-effort; confirm G-quadruplex topology by CD — limits.

v0.6.12 · MIT
Kd Fitting Tool output: fitted binding curve through sixteen titration points with free and fixed-baseline fits overlaid Fitted curve · real output
04 Web · No installation

Kd Fitting Tool

Turns a titration table into a Kd with the quadratic binding model — in the browser, with nothing uploaded.

Input
Concentration / signal columns pasted from Excel, replicates optional
Output
Kd with free and fixed baselines, R², fitted curve and exportable image
v0.23 · Liu Lab
/ Tracker — daily feed

What the work keeps watching.

Updated daily

Aptamer literature tracker

A daily-scoring feed of aptamer papers from PubMed, OpenAlex and bioRxiv. Each paper gets a composite score from journal impact factor, citation velocity, social signal and recency, across six subtopics: biosensors, cancer, food safety, infectious disease, neurodegeneration and therapeutics.

Window 14 days · Six subtopics · Cumulative top-paper pages per topic
Open tracker →
/ Path & affiliation

Where the work has been done.

2024 →
University of Waterloo Postdoctoral Researcher · Juewen Liu Lab
2020 — 2024
Shandong University Ph.D.
2017 — 2019
University of Aberdeen M.Sc.
2015 — 2017
University of Waterloo Research Assistant · Juewen Liu Lab
2012 — 2016
Shandong Normal University → University of Waterloo B.Sc., Chemistry · 2+2 programme
Host lab · research environment

Juewen Liu Lab, University of Waterloo

Functional nucleic acids, nanozymes and aptamer-based biosensors. The group page lists current projects, members and publications.

Group page ↗
Record · service · teaching

Interactive CV

All 30 papers with Google Scholar counts, software with copyright registrations, manuscripts refereed, five undergraduate researchers trained, awards and programme support.

Open the CV →
/ Contact

Reprints, unpublished data and tool feedback on request. The full publication record is online with citation metrics.

[email protected]